Category Archives: English

Tourist places to spend Easter in Peru

Laguna de Huacachina (Perú)
This lake is located just 5 kilometers from the city of Ica, is a small pond, a natural oasis amidst the whitesands of the desert. Its waters are emerald green, around which there are palm trees and eucalyptushuarangos serving whereabouts of migratory birds, this makes Huacachina colorful and beautiful scenery.

Circuito Mágico de Agua: mucho màs cerca, imposible (Perú)
The Park Hotel Miraflores district of Lima found the Magic Circuit of Water. Is a set of 13 pools and fountainswhich combined with lighting effects, create a show that received the Guinness, as the largest fountain complex in the world located in a public park.

Visitas a Machu Picchu desde el 1 de abril (Perú)
International news is abnormal rains have fallen in the south of Peru, personal or material damage and floodingthat have caused them, and because of the way that certain media have been incorrect and not precise, wereport the following : First, these confusions are due to the similarity of name between the city and the name of the province or department. The train service to Machu Picchu has been suspended for damage to the railway line until mid-deck, when it is estimated will normalize the flow of tourists. The Inca citadel of Machu Picchuhas not suffered any damage. The cities of Cuzco and Puno undamaged, tourist services in the city of Cuzcoand Puno operate normally. Services air and ground transportation to / from Cuzco and Puno operate normally.
 

Lunahuaná (Perú)
Lunahuaná is located 38 miles east of San Vicente de Cañete (Capital of the Province of Cañete) and 182 kmsoutheast of Lima.

Líneas de Nazca (Perú)
Nazca lines, as they are known, are located in the Nazca Desert, in the pampas of Jumana. Were drawn by the Nazca culture and are composed of several hundreds of figures that were declared World Heritage byUNESCO.

San Vicente de Cañete (Perú)
To 144 km south of Lima is a modern and peaceful city of San Vicente de Cañete, which combines an exceptional climate and a range of hotels and fastronómica important. San Vicente de Cañete is the most visited by locals. It has beautiful beaches and Unanue Castle, pictured, whose construction began in late 1843ending in 1900.
 

Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe (Perú)
The Sacred City of Caral-Supe is an archaeological site 5,000 years old 626 hectares, located in a dry desertplateau overlooking the valley of the Supe River. Exceptionally well preserved, is impressive for the design and the complexity of its architectural elements and space. Declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Sacsayhuaman (Perú)
The Archaeological Park of Sacsayhuaman is located in the town of Cuzco, covers 3,000 hectares. This greatInca Ceremonial Temple, according to archaeologists and historians is a great architectural work, most workdone by the Incas in their heyday with megalithic walls.
 
Templo del Sol (Perú)
Building that was used for ceremonies related to the June solstice. The main dificación known as Torreon.
 
Complejo arqueológico de Chan Chan (Perú)
North of Lima, department of La Libertad is the archaeological complex of Chan Chan World Heritage Site byUNESCO in 1986, is the largest mud city in the world, with an approximate area of  20 square kilometers.
 
Ruinas de Ollantaytambo (Perú)
In the Valley of the Incas are the famous Inca ruins of Ollantaytambo. A trip to the Sacred Valley of Peru is truly an experience that leaves a strong impression. Due to its strategic location in the Sacred Valley,Ollantaytambo became a major center in the Inca Empire.
 
Pirámides de Túcume (Perú)
The archaeological complex of Tucuman, or Valley of the Pyramids, are located in Chiclayo, Lambayeque, on the north coast of Peru. This complex is characterized by its 26 pyramids. Located just a kilómetrto of the people of Tucuman, include the pyramids of Huaca del Pueblo, La Raya, El Sol and Stakes. It is one of themost important pre-Inca sites in Peru.
 
Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana (Perú)
Allpahuayo – Mishana is known for its extremely high levels of biodiversity, several of which are world records:about three hundred species of trees over 10 cm. in diameter per hectare, more than 500 species greater than 2.5 cm. three-quarters of an acre, and 120 species of reptiles, the world’s largest record for a locality, can be found in the Z. R. proposal. In other groups there are exceptional records: 83 species of amphibians, someonly known from here, 145 species of mammals and 475 species of birds, more than half a dozen of themspecialists in white sand forests, known in Peru only Nanay basin. However, these figures are steadily increasing with the discovery of new species in the area. In areas near the reserve, within the Napo Ecoregion,are located the world record for a local amphibians (112 species), primates (17 species) and probably of birds(600 species). Accessible from the city of Iquitos.
Taquile y su Arte Textil (Perú)
Taquile and its Textile Art. Masterpiece proclaimed in 2005. Men, women and even children of Taquile Island onLake Titicaca in Peru, they perpetuate a tradition of textile production dating from pre-Hispanic times. Clothing sales contributes significantly to local economic development. Taquile Island is located in the Andean highlands of Peru, on Lake Titicaca, and is known for its textile art made  by men and women of all ages,whose products are used by all members of the community. The people of Taquile relatively isolated from themainland until the fifties, and the notion of community is still very strong among them. This is reflected in theorganization of community life and collective decision making. The tradition of weaving on the island of Taquilegoes back to the ancient Inca, Pukara and Colla, thus keeping alive elements of pre-Hispanic Andean cultures.

Itineraries in Cusco

Main Square

In the time of the Incas the main square was known as the ‘Square of the warrior’. It has been the scene of several important events in the history of Cusco. Every year the beginning of the spectacular ‘Inti Raymi’ or ‘Fiesta del Sol’ is began here. It was also in the Main Square that Francisco Pizarro proclaimed the conquest of Cusco and it was also the scene for the death of Tupar Amaru I (1571), the commander of the unsuccessful Inca resistance. The arrival of the Spanish saw the Plaza surrounded by beautiful arcades of stone in traditional colonial style, these can still be seen and admired today.

In the Plaza you also find the Cathedral and the church of the Society of Jesus.

 

The temple of Qoricancha and the convent of Santo Domingo

The convent was built over the spectacular Temple of Qoricancha (place of gold), the most important temple dedicated to the cult of the sun, the walls of which were covered with sheets of gold. This convent, using a base structures of carved stones, is one of the most delicate works of architecture in Cusco. Its single tower, in the Baroque style, rises above the tile roofs of the city.

The convent has an important collection of paintings in the style of the Cusqueña school.

 

Calle Hatun Rumiyoc

This is perhaps the best known street in the city. In one of its walls of carved stone (the Archbishop’s Palace) you can find the famous stone with the 12 corners, identical to the one which forms a part of the old palace of Inca Roca. This street, rich in magnetism, offers an excellent access to the picturesque craft neighbourhood of San Blas.

 

The San Blas neighbourhood

San Blas also known as the neighbourhood of the artisans is one of the most picturesque places in the city. Its narrow back streets zigzag between grand old houses built of Inca stones and gentle little squares. The church was built in 1563, and is the oldest parish of Cusco. It has a spectacular pulpit, considered to be one of the best examples of a wooden carved pulpit of the colonial period. From this neighbourhood you have one of the most beautiful views of the city.

The neighbourhood also houses shops and stores of the most renowned artisans of Cusco, such as Hilario Mendívil and Edilberto Mérida, Santiago Rojas and Maximiliana Palomino.

Sacred Valleys

When in the Sacred Valley you are always accompanied by either the Urubamba river or the Vilcanota river. When visiting the valley, one can appreciate the towns of Pisaq, Yucay, Urubamba, Ollantaytambo and Chinchero. In every town you can find pre-Hispanic archaeological ruins, which were built by different Incas and used as citadels or resting places. All of these towns are perfect places to buy handmade goods.

Pisaq

Pisaq is located 30 km from Cusco and it takes approximately 45 minutes by bus to get there. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays there are crafts fairs in the town’s main square, with the participation of artisans from the whole town who maintain a constant productive activity throughout the entire year. 9 km from the town of Pisaq, high in the mountains in the midst of cultivated terraces and the Inca constructions you can find the homes of the people who live in the Andes. Here there are 6 citadels which make up a stunning architectonic and historic panorama of the area.

 

Ollantaytambo
Ollantaytambo is 97km from Cusco. It was an agricultural, administrative, religious, military and social complex for the Incas which the Spaniards called “Fortaleza”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maras/Moray
Maras is located in the district of Maras, at a height of 3,380 meters above sea level, at a distance of 48,880 km from Cusco. Two roads come out of the town of Maras, one to the archaeological complex of Moray and the other to the salt mines of Maras, both approximately 6 km away from the town. The population of Maras can appreciate the range of snow-capped mountains around the Sacred Valley of the Incas and Vilcabamba.

 

 

Chincheros
Chinchero is located at a height of 3700 meters. The population lives in dwellings whose foundations and stone walls come from pre-Hispanic constructions, with colonial and modern additions. People here conserves their typical way of dressing, which is notable for the vivacity of colours and designs. They also barter at the Sunday fairs just as they did in the time of the Incas, though the residents now also use monetary transactions.

Protected Natural Areas: National Parks

These are areas designated as intangible for the absolute protection and preservation of the animal and plant wildlife associations they shelter and the beauty of the scenery surrounding them. Both the direct use of natural resources and human settlements are strictly forbidden in National Parks.

Only visitors pursuing scientific, educational, recreational and cultural (tourism) objectives are allowed to visit these conservation units under special conditions and control. The existing ten national parks give protection to 4.13% of the national territory.

There are 11 National Parks:

National Parks
Location
Area
Cutervo
Cajamarca
2500,00
Tingo María
Huánuco
4777,00
Manu
Cusco y Madre de Dios
1716295,22
Huascarán
Ancash
340000,00
Cerros de Amotape
Tumbes y Piura
91300,00
Río Abiseo
San Martín
274520,00
Yanachaga Chemillén
Pasco
122000,00
Bahuaja Sonene
Madre de Dios y Puno
1091416,00
Cordillera Azul
San Martín, Loreto, Ucayali y Huánuco.
1353190,84
Otishi
Junín y Cusco
305973,05
Alto Purus
Ucayali y Madre de Dios
2510694,41

 

Recommended Destination: Loreto

Loreto is the largest yet least populated department in Peru. It is covered by dense vegetation and by primary and secondary jungle with low hills and slightly rolling landscape, crisscrossed by the many rivers of the Amazon River basin, which is born at the confluence of the Marañon and Ucayali Rivers.

Iquitos, the capital of Loreto, is the main port city on the Amazon River and the largest city in the Peruvian jungle. Different indigenous people groups like the Cocama, Huitoto, and Bora first inhabited the area. Then came the Jesuit missionaries who founded the city. At the end of the nineteenth century was when Iquitos experienced its greatest economic glory due to the rubber industry. The economic bonanza meant that luxurious buildings like the art noveau Palace Hotel and the Iron House, designed by the famous French architect Gustave Eiffel, were constructed there.

In contrast to these buildings, you find the homes in the Belen neighborhood that are constructed on top of rafts and pylons to protect them from the flooding of the river. One of the best attractions in Loreto is navigating on the rivers and lakes and enjoying the beautiful beaches.

The Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (2,080,000 hectares), the largest reserve in Peru, is located 183 kilometers from the city and is home to numerous plant and animal species, many of them in danger of extinction like the charapa river turtle, the giant river otter, the black caiman, and the river dolphin.

Likewise, the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve (58,000 hectares) protects the largest concentration of white sand forests, or varillales as they are known in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. This happens to be one of the best areas to go for bird-watching. //In addition to these national reserves, there are also numerous private reserves, which have been created to satisfy all tastes.

Peru's Beaches

Lima’s Beaches
El Faraón

Just north of Lima lie several pleasant beaches. One of them is La Isla: at Km 190 of the North Pan-American Highway near the town of Puerto Supe, where a detour heads for the sea and runs down to a vast and solitary stretch of coastline. The locals call it El Faraón (The Pharaoh), as out to sea rears an island which resembles an Egyptian pyramid. Beach-goers often swim the 100 feet that separates the beach from the island, as behind it lies a lagoon where one can spend the day in solitude. For the hungry, there is the town of Supe, where restaurants prepare fish and shellfish dish such as cebiches, jaleas and parihuelas as well as the classic chicken-and-corn tamales.

El Paraíso

In the department of Lima, the peninsula and beaches of El Paraíso (El Palmero, Tilca Tocoy and others) meet all the requisites to do honor to its name (The Paradise): dozens of solitary beaches, a clean and tranquil sea, good fishing and bright sunshine during the summer. During the summer months, the beaches are visited by vacationers seeking peace and quiet and a beautiful natural scenario. Nearby to the north lies the lagoon Playa Chica, a haven for a variety of species of wildlife. The area tends to be windy in the afternoon.  This spot lies between the saltflats Las Salinas de Huacho and the town of Huacho itself. To get there, one needs to take the detour at Km 135 of the North Pan-American Highway. Apt for all kinds of vehicles.

Ancón

Located at Km 38, this beach resort is lined by a zig-zagging coastal promenade lined with old wooden mansions and modern apartment blocks alike. Ancón features an interesting museum, the old train station and the chance to taste the traditional cebiche de pejerrey (mackerel marinated in lemon juice) down at the pier. Visitors in search of more solitary beaches can check out San Francisco Chico(on foot), San Francisco Grande (by boat, which can be hired at the pier) or the neighboring resort of Santa Rosa (by car).

El Silencio

South of Lima sprawls a series of beaches, including El Silencio, half an hour from the capital. After passing the Pachacamac pre-Hispanic temple and  the whale-shaped island Isla de la Ballena, drivers head down a dirt track which leads to this U-shaped beach. El Silencio is one of the most popular beaches because of its clear waters, gentle waves, thick sand (which does not stick to the skin) and plenty of parking space and restaurants. There are no houses on the beach, but overlook the bay from the cliffs above.
Punta Rocas

Also just south of Lima, this beach is a hotspot with the surfing crowd. A small rocky outcrop dominates a sandy beach which stages national and international surfing championships and rock concerts. The beach also features seafood restaurants known as cebicherías.
Punta Hermosa and Punta Negra

These pretty Lima seaside resorts resemble each other in architecture, although with topographical variations: Punta Hermosa features three beaches and a small island just off the mainland; Punta Negra, meanwhile, is an open beach where swimmers should be careful. Both spots feature hostels and restaurants and are ideal for all kinds of watersports.

San Bartolo

The largest beach resort near Lima. San Bartolo is practically a small city whose beach is fairly stony and home to Punta El Peñascal, a beach made up of rocky bluffs with good surfing waves. This traditional resort town, lined with coastal promenades, also features a spot called El Huayco, which is visited year-round by the surfing crowd.

Santa María

Santa María is the most luxurious beach resort south of Lima, with buildings built along the cliffs and tiny beaches with little sand. The resort also features Embajadores, a pretty, half-moon shaped beach fringed with sand and which is at times engulfed by the sea. The sea here is placid and the shoreline flat, making it ideal for swimming.

Pucusana

Pucusana, a seaside resort and fishing cove, features an impressive 50-meter tunnel drilled through the living rock. Waves crash through the channel known as the “Boquerón del Diablo” (The Devil’s Mouth). Pucusana is an active fishing town, where dozens of boats bob on the calm sea, where gentle waves lap at the dark sand. There is plenty to see in Pucusana: a bustling pier filled with hungry pelicans, a hidden cove known as Las Ningas, and the tunnel formed by the waves, a phenomenon not found anywhere else along the coast. From Pucusana one can reach Naplo, a beach lined with fine houses and a calm sea. Pucusana also provides access to the only resort reached only by sea, Islas Galapagos. This towering island features luxurious residences, a small beach and a mirror-smooth sea.

Bujama and Chocaya

Near the town Mala (Km 100), in the department of Lima, and famous for its chicharrones (pork fritters) and cornmash tamales, lie two beaches: Bujama, with a flat, sandy beach and crushed seashells at the far end, with large beach cottages. The sea is tranquil and the beach barely slopes down to the ocean. A town lies close by, known as Caleta Bujama. The other beach is Chocaya, a flat sandy beach which features gusting winds and a rough sea. The beach is generally bereft of visitors (although with the occasional camper), while further south lie many more beach towns.
Chepeconde

Further south, at Km 119.5 lies Chepeconde, where cliffs jut out into the sea and there are mysterious interconnecting caves. The beach, known to some as La Barca, was discovered by camping enthusiasts two decades ago. Since then, it has become increasingly popular, and is now one of the most heavily-visited camping spots during the summer. The beach is made of fine sand, with a clean and tranquil sea. Cliffs split the beach into three sections, where the northern stretch is the most heavily-visited. Chepeconde is reached via a detour, at Km 120 of the South Pan-American Highway. Apt for all vehicles.

Cerro Azul

Located 131 km south of Lima down the South Pan-American Highway, Cerro Azul was once a bustling and prosperous port until May 1, 1971, when the Greek ship Chrysovalndov used its installations for the last time. An aging pier remains as a mute witness of those heady days, and today is only visited by fishermen and surfers. The beach, which features several hotels and restaurants, is dominated by the Centinela hill, which reaches out into the sea like a second pier. The hillsides still feature pre-Hispanic ruins which according to sixteenth-century Spanish chronicler Pedro Cieza de León, was once a light green color, but which looks blue (hence its name, Blue Hill) when spotted from the sea. The beach town is popular amongst campers.

Peruvian Geography

Peru is divided into three regions. Although this simple division is a fair portrait of Peru’s geography, the reality is much richer and far more complex: in Peru, nature appears to have taken on particular characteristics which have turned its mountains, plains, jungles and valleys into unique habitats.
An extraordinary variety of eco-systems shelters a wide diversity of animals and plants.
The Coast  
Which features deserts, beautiful beaches and fertile valleys…

The Peruvian coastline is formed by a long snaking desert hemmed in between the sea and the mountains. The Andes to the east and the cold Humboldt sea current that runs along the coast are what make this area so arid. From the Sechura desert to the Nazca plains and the Atacama desert, the dry coastal terrain is occasionally split by valleys covered by a thick layer of cloud and drizzle in the winter.

Humidity in these areas produces a sensation of cold, although temperatures rarely dip below 12°C. During the summer, meanwhile, the sun beats down and temperatures often top 30°C. The central and southern sections of the coast feature two well-defined seasons: winter from April to October, and summer from November to March. The north coast, meanwhile, is not touched by the effects of the cold current, which means it enjoys 300 days of sunshine a year and warm temperatures all year-long (as much as 35°C in the summer). The rain season runs from November to March

 

The Highlands   

A mountainous area dominated by the Andes, where Mount Huascaran soars to 6,768 meters.

In the Peruvian highlands, there are two well-defined seasons: the dry season (from April to October), marked by sunny days, cold nights and the lack of rain (the ideal time for visiting); and the rainy season (November to March), when there are frequent rain showers (generally more than 1000 mm). A characteristic of the mountain region is the drop in temperature during the day: temperatures commonly range around 24°C at midday before plunging to -3°C at night.

The steep slopes of the Andes means temperatures gradually drop in the highest region, known as the puna, the highland plain.
The dry and pleasant climate in the highlands makes it possible to grow a wide variety of crops there.

 

The Jungle

A vast region of tropical vegetation in the Amazon River Basin, home to Peru’s largest natural reserves.

The vast Peruvian jungle, which surrounds the wide and winding Amazon river, is divided into two differentiated areas: the cloud forest (above 700 masl), which features a subtropical, balmy climate, with heavy rain showers (around 3000 mm a year) between November and March, and sunny days from April to October; and the lowland jungle (below 700 masl), where the dry season runs from April to October and is ideal for tourism, with sunshine and high temperatures often topping 35°C.

During this season, the river levels dip and roads are easy to drive. The rainy season, meanwhile, which runs from November to March, features frequent rain showers (at least once a day) which can damage roads in the area.

The jungle features high humidity all year long. In the southern jungle, there are sometimes cold spells known locally as friajes or surazos, cold fronts which drift up from the far south of the continent between May and August, where temperatures can drop to 8-12°C

 

Note: To calculate Fahrenheit temperatures: 9/5 (ºC) + 32

Machu Picchu, main tourist attraction of Cusco

The city of Machu Picchu is the department of Cusco’s most important tourist attraction. Discovered to the world in 1911 by the American explorer, Hiram Bingham, this city is considered to be one of the most extraordinary examples of scenic architecture in the world.

The city of Machu Picchu itself was built at the top of a granite mountain. The Incas, using ingenious engineering techniques, were able to transport heavy stone blocks up the mountain side, and once there, they used their excellent masonry skills to produce amazingly polished stones that fit together perfectly.

Price for visite:

Foreign Adults S/. 126.00 nuevos soles
Foreign Students S/. 63.00 nuevos soles
Foreign Children (8 to 15 years) S/. 63.00 nuevos soles
National Adult S/. 64.00 nuevos soles
National Students S/. 32.00 nuevos soles
Children (8 to 15) S/. 32.00 nuevos soles

Perou

Le Pérou est un pays situé à l’ouest de l’Amérique du Sud, entouré par l’Équateur, la Colombie, le Brésil, la Bolivie, le Chili et l’Océan Pacifique.
Histoire
Icône de détail Article détaillé : Histoire du Pérou.

Les premières traces de sédentarisation datent de 20 000 av. J.-C. De nombreuses cultures précolombiennes se succédèrent sur le territoire actuel du Pérou, jusqu’à la civilisation Inca qui avait établi sa capitale à Cuzco. Après l’arrivée des Espagnols, Francisco Pizarro conquit la région et une vice-royauté fut établie. Au début du XIXe siècle, les troupes menées par José de San Martín et Simón Bolívar permirent au pays de s’émanciper de la couronne espagnole. L’indépendance fut déclarée en juillet 1821 et devint effective en décembre 1824. Le Pérou, aux côtés de la Bolivie, mena entre 1879 et 1883 une guerre de 4 ans contre le Chili connue sous le nom de guerre du Pacifique.

Les couleurs vives et variées des habits péruviens sont peut-être l’écho d’un vieux conseil proverbial : Ne t’habille ni en noir car la vie n’est pas un malheur, ni en blanc car ce n’est pas tous les jours la joie dans le coeur des autres.

Politique
Le Pérou est une République présidentielle.

Le président est élu pour un mandat de 5 ans. Il n’est pas rééligible immédiatement. Il est à la fois le chef de l’État et le chef du gouvernement. Le corps législatif est composé d’une seule Chambre, le Congrès, composée de 120 députés, également élus tous les 5 ans. Les grands partis politiques sont UPP, Alliance populaire révolutionnaire américaine, Unidad Nacional, Partido Nacionalista Peruano, et Acción Popular.

L’élection présidentielle péruvienne de 2006 a donné Alan García (Alliance populaire révolutionnaire américaine) vainqueur, contre l’autre candidat du second tour, Ollanta Humala. M García prit l’investiture comme il est de coutume, le jour de la fête nationale, le 28 juillet 2006. Il remplaça Alejandro Toledo Manrique, en fonction depuis 2001.

Le 1er janvier 2005, l’ancien commandant de l’armée Antauro Humala tenta un putsch contre le président en s’emparant du poste de police d’Andahuaylas avec un commando de 150 hommes. La tentative tourne court quelques jours plus tard, faisant cinq morts et une dizaine de blessés.

Découpage administratif

Le Pérou est divisé en 25 régions, auxquelles il faut ajouter la province de Lima, entité au statut particulier, distincte de la région de Lima. Ces régions sont divisées en 193 provinces sans la province de Lima.

Géographie

Le Pérou occupe une surface de 1 285 220 km² et possède 2 414 km de côtes.

Le climat est tropical à l’est, désertique et sec à l’ouest. Ces déserts côtiers sont provoqués par la présence d’un courant océanique sud-nord, donc froid, qui remonte la côte Pacifique en bloquant l’évaporation et la formation de perturbations pluvieuses. Dans les Andes(chaîne de montagne) le climat est tempéré à froid en fonction de l’altitude. Le Huascarán, qui s’élève à 6 768 m, est le point culminant du pays dans la Cordillère occidentale.

Parmi les ressources naturelles, on trouve le cuivre, l’argent, l’or, le pétrole, le minerai de fer, le charbon et les phosphates. La pêche constitue aussi une importante ressource naturelle ainsi que les fruits des arbres.

Le pays est sujet aux tremblements de terre. Les inondations et glissements de terrain sont dus au phénomène El Niño. Il existe une activité volcanique dans la zone volcanique centrale des Andes située au sud du pays.

On peut distinguer trois grandes zones naturelles :

* la « costa » (côte) bordée par l’Océan Pacifique, 60 % de population, 10 % de superficie ;
* la « sierra » (montagne) 30 % de population, 30 % de superficie ;
* la « selva » (forêt d’Amazonie péruvienne) 10 % de population, 60 % de superficie.

Faune et flore

Du fait de la diversité climatique et topographique, il existe au Pérou une faune et une flore variées.

Sur les hauteurs, les lamas côtoient les alpagas et les vigognes.

Mais c’est dans la « selva » que la faune est la plus présente. Avec entre autres les jaguars, les tatous, les caïmans, les capybaras mais aussi des singes ou des milliers d’espèces d’insectes qui vivent dans une végétation luxuriante. La vanille, l’acajou, le caoutchouc participent à cette biodiversité.

Le chinchilla brevicaudata, présent à l’état sauvage autrefois dans les très hautes Andes a sans doute disparu aujourd’hui.

Fleuves

C’est au Pérou que prend naissance l’un des plus longs fleuves du monde, l’ Amazone, qui, avant de pénétrer au Brésil traverse toute la selva péruvienne. Il capte les eaux de tout le versant oriental de la Cordillère des Andes.

Sur le versant occidental, se trouve le bassin de l’Océan Pacifique, où viennent se jeter toute une série de petits fleuves descendus des hauteurs de la Cordillère. Parmi ceux-ci, l’un retient particulièrement l’attention, le Río Rímac, considéré comme l’un des fleuves les plus importants du Pérou, non par son débit d’eau — relativement faible — ni par la taille de son bassin, mais parce qu’il approvisionne en eau et électricité la métropole de Lima, où se concentre plus de 30 % de la population du pays. L’approvisionnement en eau de la capitale péruvienne est un des problèmes critiques que les autorités ne sont pas parvenues à résoudre au cours des dernières décennies, et chaque jour il devient — avec l’explosion démographique — plus aigu, nécessitant de fréquentes coupures dans la distribution de l’eau.

Au sud, un troisième bassin, celui du Lac Titicaca, le plus vaste lac d’Amérique du Sud et le plus haut lac navigable au monde, perché entre 3 600 et 4 500 mètres d’altitude sur les plus hauts plateaux andins, entre Pérou et Bolivie, draine les eaux de quatre bassins : le lac Titicaca (T), le fleuve Desaguadero (D), le lac Poopó (P) et le salar de Coipasa (S). Ces quatre bassins constituent le système TDPS, qui s’étend sur près de 140 000 km².

Séismes

Le Pérou est situé sur une faille sismique, ce qui provoque, chaque année, un certain nombre de tremblements de terre, dont l’intensité reste faible. Le pays a toutefois subi quelques séismes majeurs, ayant provoqué un grand nombre de victimes et des destructions considérables, comme celui de Yungay, en 1970, qui fit entre 25 000 et 30 000 morts.

La population est préparée en cas de séisme et régulièrement dans les écoles et les lieux de travail, les mesures de sécurité sont enseignées et des exercices d’évacuation effectués.

Volcans

* El Misti
* Ubinas

Frontières terrestres

* 1 560 km avec le Brésil
* 1 496 km avec la Colombie
* 1 420 km avec l’Équateur
* 900 km avec la Bolivie
* 160 km avec le Chili

Économie

Le Pérou a libéralisé son économie dans les années 1990 en privatisant les entreprises publiques. À la fin des années 1990, le Pérou subit les répercussions de la crise asiatique.

Près d’un Péruvien sur deux vit actuellement dans la pauvreté. L’INEI (Institut national péruvien des statistiques) avance un chiffre de 48 % pour 2005, perdant 5,3 points en quatre ans, et la pauvreté extrême (moins d’un dollar par jour) s’élèverait à 18,1 % pour la même année[2]. Ces chiffres sont cependant contestés par l’Alliance populaire révolutionnaire américaine qui dénonce une manipulation politique des données. L’indice de développement humain était de 0,762 en 2003 (échelle entre 0 et 1) ce qui le place à la 79e place mondiale.

Le Pérou a connu une déflation de 0,1 % en 2001. Le PIB a progressé en 2002 de 5,2 % après avoir crû de 0,6 % en 2001 et 3,1 % en 2000. Le déficit public s’élevait à 2,3 % du PIB en 2002. Les principaux destinataires pour les exportations sont les États-Unis (25 %), la Chine (8 %) et le Japon (7 %) (en 1997).

Le Pérou fait partie de la Coopération Économique Asie Pacifique (APEC).

Le tourisme constitue une des principales ressources de l’économie.

Transports

Trains

“Le train des nuages” est la deuxième voie de chemin de fer la plus haute du monde, atteignant 4871 m d altitude. Le trajet qui relie Lima à Huancayo dure 11 heures. Le train franchit 69 tunnels, 58 ponts et fait 6 zigzag. En 1999, la compagnie Ferrocarril Central Andinas a été privatisée et en 2005, les wagons de tourisme ont éte rénovés pour améliorer le confort et le service à bord. Le Train des Andes fait désormais partie des lignes de chemins de fer les plus touristiques du monde[3].

Éducation

Le Pérou compte avec quelques institutions étrangères prestigieuses parmi lesquelles le Markham College, et le Lycée Franco-Péruvien qui appartient à l’ AEFE.

Démographie

La population s’élève environ à 29 millions dont 45 % d’indigènes, 37 % de métis, 15 % de Blancs et 3 % constitué principalement par des Noirs, Japonais et Chinois. (2000)

L’espagnol et le quechua sont les deux langues officielles du Pérou. Le quechua et l’aymara sont surtout parlés dans les Andes où les indigènes sont plus nombreux.

Depuis la réforme de la Constitution en 1993, l’enseignement primaire est libre et obligatoire.

Le bilan migratoire s’élève à 1,1 par 1000 habitants et la mortalité infantile à 40,6 morts pour 1000 naissances (2000).

L’espérance de vie est de 67,63 ans pour les hommes et 72,5 ans pour les femmes (2000).

Le taux de fécondité est de 3,04 enfants par femme (2000). Environ 90 % des Péruviens sont catholiques (2000).

Littérature et poésie

Écrivains célèbres:

En prose

* Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
* Mario Vargas Llosa
* Alfredo Bryce Echenique
* Julio Ramón Ribeyro
* José María Arguedas
* Ciro Alegría
* José Carlos Mariategui
* Jaime Bayly
* Manuel Scorza

En poésie

* César Vallejo

Musiques et danses
Icône de détail Article détaillé : Musiques et Danses du Pérou.

La danse nationale est la Marinera.

La richesse du Pérou se voit par ses danses et sa musique. En effet, si la topographie est une barrière naturelle qui a permis le développement de danses régionales, dans certaines régions les danses sont si nombreuses que chaque village a la sienne. C’est le cas de Cuzco ou Puno. Le folklore a aussi intégré les traditions des immigrants, espagnols et africains particulièrement.

La musique de la côte, elle, peut être divisée en deux sous-catégories :

* La musique d’origine africaine,
* La musique d’origine coloniale.

Les danses et les styles de musiques sont également détaillées par régions.

[WikiPedia]